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What is Kussmaul's sign ?

What is Kussmaul's sign ?  Normally there is an inspiratory decrease in JVP. In constrictive pericarditis there is an inspiratory increase in JVP. Kussmaul's sign is also seen in severe right heart failure regardless of aetiology.  It is caused by the inability of the heart to accept the increase in right ventricular volume without a marked increase in the filling pressure.  Adolf Kussmaul (1822-1902) was Professor of Medicine successively at Heidelberg, Enlargen, Freiburg and Strasbourg, and coined the term 'polyarteritis nodosa' (Ber/ Klin Wochnschr 1873; 10: 433).  Kussmaul breathing is deep sighing respiration seen when the arterial pH is Iow.

How do you differentiate jugular venous pulsations from carotid artery pulsations ?

How do you differentiate jugular venous pulsations from carotid artery pulsations ?  Unlike the arterial pulse, the venous pulse has a definite upper level which falls during inspiration and changes with posture.  The venous pulse is seen to have a dominant inward motion, towards the midline (the 'y' descent), whereas l~he arterial pulse exhibits a dominant outward wave.  The venous pulse is better seen than felt, whereas the arterial pulse is readily felt by very slight pressure of the clinician's finger.

What are the causes of a raised jugular venous pulsations ?

What are the causes of a raised jugular venous pulsations ? • Congestive cardiac failure. • CDr pulmonale. • Tricuspid regurgitation (prominent 'v' waves). • Tricuspid stenosis (prominent 'a' waves). • Complete heart block (cannon waves). • Non-pulsatile neck veins seen in superior venal caval obstruction.

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